Date: Tue, 4 Jun 1996 13:03:23 -0700
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From: davidsol@panix.com (David S. Bennahum)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: Community Memory - a contribution
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>Date: Tue, 4 Jun 1996 02:32:32 -0700
>Reply-To: ben@dxcern.cern.ch
>Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
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>From: ben@dxcern.cern.ch (Ben Segal)
>To: davidsol@panix.com
>Subject: Community Memory - a contribution
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>
>This message was submitted by ben@dxcern.cern.ch (Ben Segal) to list
>cpsr-history@cpsr.org. If you forward it back to the list, it will be
>distributed without the paragraphs above the dashed line. You may edit the
>Subject: line and the text of the message before forwarding it back.
>
>If you edit the messages you receive into a digest, you will need to remove
>these paragraphs and the dashed line before mailing the result to the list.
>Finally, if you need more information from the author of this message, you
>should be able to do so by simply replying to this note.
>
>----------------------- Message requiring your approval ----------------------
>Sender: ben@dxcern.cern.ch (Ben Segal)
>Subject: Community Memory - a contribution
>
>Just read the CPSR announcement of your interesting initiative. I will
>subscribe. As for a bit of "primary-source information", I can contribute
>a small history I wrote last year on the arrival of the Internet (and later
>the Web) at CERN - its URL is http://wwwcn.cern.ch/pdp/ns/ben/TCPHIST.html
>I agree with you that computer professionals should spend at least some of
>their time reflecting on the origins of the core ideas and directions of
>the information revolution: after all, they are propagating it!
>
>Ben Segal / CERN         http:/wwwcn.cern.ch/~ben
>                         b.segal@cern.ch
>
Date: Tue, 4 Jun 1996 14:04:20 -0700
Reply-To: davidsol@panix.com
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From: davidsol@panix.com (David S. Bennahum)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: Welcome to the Community Memory List.
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Since announcing the creation of this list yesterday, about 500 people have
already subscribed, which is an exciting indication of what's possible to
accomplish in this shared endeavor.  I want to just outline for the moment
how messages will be distributed to the list, and your options for how to
control message volume.

Messages should be sent to either cpsr-history@cpsr.org or to me at
davidsol@panix.com. Since the list is moderated, any messages you send to
cpsr-history@cpsr.org are forwarded to me first, and then resent by me.  If
you wish to control message flow so that incoming messages are bundled
together into one larger message, send the following command to:

        listserv@cpsr.org

that reads:

        set cpsr-history mail digest

If you have URL links or archival material you want to contribute,
pertaining to cyber-history, send them and I will make them available at
the Community Memory web site which for now has a home page of:

        http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html

My apologies if the message that precedes this one confused you; I
forwarded it improperly.  In the future messages won't have all the
material that preceded the submission (above the ---- line).

Thanks for subscribing.

best,
db

___________________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
Moderator: Community Memory - Discussion List on the History of Cyberspace
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
___________________________________________________________________________
Date: Tue, 4 Jun 1996 14:07:04 -0700
Reply-To: jahlstro@cisco.com
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From: John Ahlstrom  (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S.))
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: Greetings and Queries
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Sender: John Ahlstrom 
Subject: Greetings and Queries

How specialized is Comm Mem in "origins,
history, and development of computer networks"
as opposed to "computer hardware, software and
computer science"

I work with and produce products for network
but my real love is history of development
of computers, software (languages, OS, DBMS, ...)
Will my kinds of questions and posts be welcome
here or will only time tell?

An example of a recent query I made to comp.arch
is "What were the computers in the first IMPs
and TIPs, how did they develop?"

In this kind of arena (Comm Mem) I would add
something about their development into routers.

I was about to ask comp.arch or alt.folklore.computers
if anyone has official or largely correct figures for
prePC (BPC?) computer shipments and for the length
of manufacturing single computer models.  E.g.
what was the production run of the 360/30, not
of all 360s.

Any interest or am I barking up the wrong tree?

JKA

John Ahlstrom                   jahlstrom@cisco.com
408-526-6025                    Using Java to Decrease Entropy

>  May 1996 -- "First free Webzine dies for lack of advertiser support."
   Remember to click 3 ads whenever you visit a free site.

   Any neural system sufficiently complex to generate the axioms of arithmetic
  is too complex to be understood by itself.

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Wed, 5 Jun 1996 07:26:35 -0700
Reply-To: RCWilk@aol.com
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From: RCWilk@aol.com (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S. Bennahum))
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Subject: CM> Seeking Information and Reference on the Commercialization of Internet
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The Commercial - Non-Commercial Shift in Cyberspace

  Missing from the cyber  histories I have looked at is the story of the
shift in 1991 (I assume 1991 from the general histories) from the Net *not*
being able to be used for commercial purposes, to it supporting these
endeavors.

   If anyone has a focus story or references to this part of the timeline, I
would be grateful.

  Richard Wilkerson
rcwilk@aol.com

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Wed, 5 Jun 1996 13:13:49 -0700
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From: sestrada@aldea.com (Susan Estrada) (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S.))
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Seeking Information and Reference on the Commercialization of Internet
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At 6:25 AM 6/5/96, RCWilk@aol.com wrote:

>The Commercial - Non-Commercial Shift in Cyberspace
>
>  Missing from the cyber  histories I have looked at is the story of the
>shift in 1991 (I assume 1991 from the general histories) from the Net *not*
>being able to be used for commercial purposes, to it supporting these
>endeavors.
>
>   If anyone has a focus story or references to this part of the timeline, I
>would be grateful.
>

Prior to 1991, various regional networks were accepting commercial traffic
within their networks and it became apparent that inter-network commercial
connections were needed.  The NSFNET backbone was restricted to research
and education traffic.  In 1990, Bill Schraeder (PSInet), Rick Adams
(UUNET), and I (CERFnet at the time) got together and decided to form the
CIX - the commercial Internet exchange (www.cix.org).  Operational in early
1991 with the three founding networks, the CIX was the first time that
commercial traffic could pass among networks -- without settlements.

Susan Estrada

Aldea Communications, Inc.
Internet Stuff for Busy, Everyday People
http://www.aldea.com
Check out the third edition of the NetPages at our web site.

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 07:09:10 -0700
Reply-To: RICKBARRY@aol.com
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
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From: RICKBARRY@aol.com (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S. Bennahum))
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Date of first Intranet?
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Before it is history in the age sense rather than the event sense, can anyone
say when and where the first intranet was created?

Rick Barry


Richard E. Barry, Barry Associates
3808 North Albemarle Street; Arlington, Virginia  22207 USA
Tel:+703/241-3808; Fax: +703/241-7968; E-mail: rickbarry@aol.com
Welcome to World Wide Web Homepage: http://www.rbarry.com/

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 07:13:40 -0700
Reply-To: bp@virginia.edu
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From: Bryan Pfaffenberger  (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S.))
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> First use of term "netiquette"?
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Sender: Bryan Pfaffenberger 
Subject: First use of term "netiquette"?

Hi - for a history of Usenet that I'm working on, I'd appreciate
recollections on the approx. date of the first use of the term
"netiquette." My working
hypothesis is that the term surfaced sometime after the "fall" of the
"Backbone Cabal" (late 1980s) and the migration of the 'Net to NNTP,
which lessened the power of sysadmins to deal with rogue users - so
that netiquette was an attempt to formulate established practice in
the hope that users would self-police.
Many thanks
Bryan Pfaffengerger
Univ. of Virginia
Bryan Pfaffenberger                     /| \
TCC, Engineering                       / |  \
Univ. of Virginia                     /  |   \
Charlottesville, VA 22903            /   |    \
bp@virginia.edu                     /    | C   \
s/v Juliana                        /     | 34   \
Catalina 34 hull #680             /      |.______\
Locklies Creek VA                /-------|----\   \
                                <____/--=====--\____>_
                                  \_________________\
                                  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
http://bpmac.seas.virginia.edu/

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 08:32:14 -0700
Reply-To: jgn+@osu.edu
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
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From: John G Norman  (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S. Bennahum))
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> early experiences of cyberspace
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Sender: John G Norman 
Subject: early experiences of cyberspace

Many of the features of rich computer-mediated communication--communication
over short and long distance; a very large user community; multiple venues
for communication; the use of handles for anonymity; support for extended
communication by email; etc.--were present in the early- and mid-1970s on
CDC Cyber computers through the use of TALK (popularly known as "X,TALK")
and PPC (written by Mike Huck?). X,TALK and PPC were forerunners to IRC. One
of the home-brew email systems was called +WRITE+ and was written by someone
with the handle Aragorn (I think).

Much of this early history is lost--but it was incredibly detailed and rich.
The University of Minnesota had some kind of remote college campus / High
School outreach program, so there were students communicating from all over
Minnesota, Wisconsin, and, I think, the Dakotas. I got to know many people
via this medium, and only met a few people face-to-face. I was a member of a
group that called itself "Various Users" that imagined itself as a conclave
within this larger community.

It has bothered me for a long time that the *experience* of early cyberspace
has been located by early histories with the early bulletin boards when this
kind of environment was out there with a large user base.

I've also wondered for a long time if the people behind X,TALK and PPC were
aware of early experiments like the San Francisco 1970s Community Memory
Project.

In any case, it seems to me that it would be a great article or even book to
work up an ethnographic or anthropological account of this early community.

        John N.
__________________________________________________________________
 John G Norman http://denn14.cohums.ohio-state.edu/users/jnorman/
  English Dept; Ohio State; 164 W 17th Ave Cols., OH  43210-1370

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 08:36:05 -0700
Reply-To: steven@REVIEW.COM
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
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From: Steven Hodas  (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S.))
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> "Cerfing" the Net?
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Sender: Steven Hodas 
Subject: "Cerfing" the Net?

Hi-

Someone recently claimed to me the the term "surfing" (the net) originated
as "Cerfing", as a kind of tribute.

This seems unlikely to me. Any thoughts?


Thanks,

Steven

======================================================================

    Steven Hodas, Director                     steven@review.com
    Princeton Review Online                         212.874.8282
    2315 Broadway, NYC                     http://www.review.com

  Do you feel Happy, punk? Well, do you?   http://www.HappyNet.net

======================================================================

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 09:27:41 -0700
Reply-To: lpress@ISI.EDU
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
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From: "Laurence I. Press"  (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S.))
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Date of first Intranet?
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Sender: "Laurence I. Press" 
Subject: Re: CM> Date of first Intranet?

> Before it is history in the age sense rather than the event sense, can anyone
> say when and where the first intranet was created?

What is the definition of an "intranet?"  If IP is not a requisite,
IBM's internal network may be a good candidate for the first major
intranet.

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 09:30:38 -0700
Reply-To: lpress@ISI.EDU
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
Sender: errors@Sunnyside.COM
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From: "Laurence I. Press"  (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S.))
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> early experiences of cyberspace
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Sender: "Laurence I. Press" 
Subject: Re: CM> early experiences of cyberspace

> The University of Minnesota had some kind of remote college campus / High
> School outreach program, so there were students communicating from all over

People's computer club in Menlo Park and the Community Memory project
in the bay area come to mind.  (PCC had a storefront center by around
68 or so).  I had teletypes in a few LA locations in the early 70s
also.  Plato was also around in those days.

Lar

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 20:40:15 -0700
Reply-To: au329@cleveland.Freenet.Edu
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
Sender: errors@Sunnyside.COM
Precedence: bulk
From: au329@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Ronda Hauben) (by way of davidsol@panix.com)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Seeking Information and Reference on the Commercialization of Internet
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Sender: au329@cleveland.Freenet.Edu (Ronda Hauben)
Subject: Re: CM> Seeking Information and Reference on the Commercialization
of Internet

Reply to message from RCWilk@aol.com of Wed, 05 Jun
>
>The Commercial - Non-Commercial Shift in Cyberspace
>
>  Missing from the cyber  histories I have looked at is the story of the
>shift in 1991 (I assume 1991 from the general histories) from the Net *not*
>being able to be used for commercial purposes, to it supporting these
>endeavors.
>
I wondered why you are interested in this question.

It seems the fad these days, rather than looking at how the public,
academic, and even the commercial sectors gained from the Acceptible
Use Policy governing Internet traffic that helped the Net to grow
and flourish. (For example, I don't think compuserve had such a policy
but rather it encouraged commercial activity and it didn't grow
and flourish the way the ARPANET, Usenet and then the Internet did.)

If you are interested in this perspective at all, you may want to
look at our online netbook "Netizens: On the History and Impact
of Usenet and the Internet". The URL is
http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/netbook/
You can particularly look at the draft from Oct., 1995 which is
at rh120 (the www gives you the choice of different versions of the
netbook)

Chapter 12 "Imminent Death of the Net Predicted" documents the March
1990 By Invitation Only Workshop at Harvard that put ideology rather
than public interest first in the policy for the Net. It also documents
the Inspector General of the NSFnet's report in April 1993 and
the problems that the commercialization was causing regarding the
public obligations under the law of the NSFnet.

And it lists the AUP.

There is a real need to look at why the Net developed
and flourished under the prohibitions against commercial
abuse, and why there wasn't more of a public discussion
and debate before removing these prohibitions so that
the healthy public and education and scientific purposes
the Net had come to serve wouldn't be jeopardized.

>   If anyone has a focus story or references to this part of the timeline, I
>would be grateful.

My suggestions is that you look at the whole of the netbook
that I have given the URL for above as it puts the commercialization
into the bigger picture of the technical and social needs that the
Net was built to serve.

>
>  Richard Wilkerson
>rcwilk@aol.com
>
Ronda
au329@cleveland.freenet.edu
rh120@columbia.edu

--
Ronda Hauben           "The Netizens and the Wonderful World of the Net"
ronda@umcc.umich.edu           Anthology of Articles
free via ftp or          on the History of Unix, the Arpanet, and Usenet
gopher or www              and on the Impact of the Net

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                        Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
 Materials may be reposted in their *entirety* for non-commercial use.
 Want to receive the day's postings bundled together into one message?
 It's easy.  Send a note to listserv@cpsr.org that reads:
                       SET CPSR-HISTORY MAIL DIGEST
______________________________________________________________________
Date: Thu, 6 Jun 1996 20:52:51 -0700
Reply-To: RICKBARRY@AOL.COM
Originator: cpsr-history@cpsr.org
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Sender: RICKBARRY@aol.com
Subject: Re: CM> Date of first Intranet?

Good point and good question.  When I did a search at the local bookstore a
couple of weeks ago for books with INTRANET in the title, they came up with
about 15 titles, the earliest of which was March 96 and a number of which
were post-June 96.  Of course that does not tell us when the term was first
used in a book without that in the title.  I just picked up one of them and
it may have the answer to the question I posed, at least it purports to.  Let
me quote from BUILDING INTRANETS, A HANDS-ON GUIDE TO SETTING UP AN INTERNAL
WEB, by Tim Evans, Sams.net Publishing, 1996, ISBN 1-57521-071-1, p.16:

"This book uses the term *Intranet* to refer to organizations' use of World
Wide Web and related Internet technology to do their essential work, that of
helping to produce the goods or services the organization exists to produce.

"In the rush to ge on the Web, most organizations think in terms of making
information available to people outside the organization.  Many companies
have installed Web servers and made them accesible on the Internet with the
idea of making corporate information available to others or of selling things
on the Web.  Interestingly, though, the intitial objective of the Web
pioneers at the European Particle Physics Lab (CERN) in Geneva, was to create
a means by which CERN scientists could more easily share information.  Thus
the first Web was, in fact, an *Intranet*, designed to distribute information
*within* an organization to the organization's own people.  Without
detracting from the proven business value of World Wide Web services in
making information available to those outside orgnaizations and companies,
this book focuses on how purely within an organization, Web and realted
technology may be used to further the purpose for which the organization
exists."
[As to timing, earlier, on p. 8, the author describes how Tim Berners-Lee,
then at CERN, invented the means for sharing data among colleagues using
*hypertext*..."CERN users could view documents on their computer screens
using new *browser* software...A researcher co7uld transfer a file from a
remote computer to her local system, or log into a remote system just by
hitting opna hpyperlink, rather than using hthe clumsy FTP or Telnet
mechanisms."]

The book then goes on to explain the very different image and projection in
an organizaton's public Web  vs its 'behind-the-firewall' intranet.  (I
recently got an accidental hit on a WWW search of a paper I had co-authored
that I didn't realize was even on the net.  When I tried to access it, I was
asked for a password!  It turned out to be on an Australian university Web
that must also have been connected to an internal intranet.)  My own view is
that intranets will become much more prevalent in the next couple of years
and will help solve one of the intractable problems of long-term
(technology-independent) access to internal organizatoinal electronic
records/archives.  Which is why I thought that this kind of technology ought
to be monitored more from an historical perspective.

My apologies for raising a question that I was subsequently able to answer
myself.   I hope it will, nevertheless, be of interest to the other
participants on this list.

Rick Barry


Richard E. Barry, Barry Associates
3808 North Albemarle Street; Arlington, Virginia  22207 USA
Tel:+703/241-3808; Fax: +703/241-7968; E-mail: rickbarry@aol.com
Welcome to World Wide Web Homepage: http://www.rbarry.com/

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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Sender: "David Norton" 
Subject: Books regarding the social construction of computers?

Friends,
I'm wondering if anyone knows of texts (articles and books) that deal with
how computers changed from being perceived as computational devices to be
publication/media/social devices.  I'm particularly interested in the way
that GUI interfaces came into being and how they encouraged this perceptual
shift.  And I'm interested in anything that treats computer development
from a social constructionists perspective.

Suggestions?  Thank you in advance.
Dave Norton

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Sender: "Bernie Cosell" 
Subject: Re: CM> Date of first Intranet?

On  6 Jun 96 at 7:09, by way of davidsol@panix.com wrote:

> Before it is history in the age sense rather than the event sense, can anyone
> say when and where the first intranet was created?

Care to define "intranet" in this context?  Current usage is something
like "the rush for corporations to abandon the dead-end network protocols
and switch to IP".  Do companies that have had internal IP networks for
decades think of anything that has happened recently as being a switch to
an 'intranet'?

If it does mean 'internal IP net', then BBN is surely the first, since we
were the only place back in the early days of the ARPAnet that had more
than one IMP.  Not long after, IBM, DEC and Honeywell [at the very least]
all had massive [and world-wide!] corporate-internal networks.

  /Bernie\
--
Bernie Cosell                     Fantasy Farm Fibers
bernie@fantasyfarm.com            Pearisburg, VA
    -->  Too many people, too few sheep  <--

______________________________________________________________________
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Sender:  (Peter Capek)
Subject: IBM's Intranet

I think the term "intranet" has come to mean a network which is
entirely within a corporation or organization, and which uses Internet
technology (protocols, routers, IP and UDP on up to HTTP).  If one
relaxes the definition to allow other communication technology, then
indeed IBM had a large one (still does..), which had 1000 nodes
attached in the early 80s, and 2500 by the mid-80s.  "node" here means
a computer, but ranging in size from a small System/370 up through a
very large System/390 or 3090, with the balance most definitely toward
the upper end of that range.  The network from its earliest days
supported e-mail and file transfer, as well as remote log-on shortly
thereafter.

There is of course also an Intranet, but I'm less clear on the dates
for this... certainly it was in place in the late 80s.

            Peter Capek
            IBM Research

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Sender: OLmaniac@aol.com
Subject: Re: CM> "Cerfing" the Net?

In a message dated 96-06-06 11:36:31 EDT, Steven@review.com writes...

>Someone recently claimed to me the the term "surfing" (the net) originated
>as "Cerfing", as a kind of tribute.
>
>This seems unlikely to me. Any thoughts?

Well, since I am a user of a nation-wide provider, I think that it is
entirely possible that surfing originated as cerfing, sice I have to work
like a slave to pay of my HUGE bill.

8^)

Here's one for the list, where did the emoticon originate?

OlManiac

______________________________________________________________________
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Sender: Jim Horning 
Subject: Re: CM> Date of first Intranet?

Rick,

The term "intranet" is, of course, a recent one, a back formation from
"Internet."  So "the first intranet" is largely a matter of definition.

But I think that you could make a strong case for the Ethernet at Xerox
PARC, circa 1973, as being the first system that was ubiquitous in an
organization and that was net-centered, rather than
mainframe/timesharing centered.  Xerox was one of the first companies
to link a network of Ethernets around the company; Digital Equipment was
another.  In 1977, Xerox PARC put on a show at Boca Raton for several
hundred of Xerox's top executives, in which they demonstrated personal
computers (with mice and bitmap displays) linked by a network across the
country, WYSIWYG editing, laser printer servers, e-mail agents, file
servers, and probably other technology I've forgotten.

If you would like a lot of relatively contemporary documentation, the
best collection is probably "Xerox Parc: The First Ten Years," a volume
Xerox put out in 1980 to celebrate PARC's 10th anniversary.  Or, for a
less flattering view, see "Fumbling the Future."

Jim H.

"Been there, used that."


Jim H.

______________________________________________________________________
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Sender: Les Earnest 
Subject: CM> "Cerfing" the Net?

Steven Hodas writes:
   Someone recently claimed to me the the term "surfing" (the net) originated
   as "Cerfing", as a kind of tribute.

   This seems unlikely to me. Any thoughts?

Aha!  Another myth in the making.  No, if it were meant as a tribute
it would have been called "vinting."

"Surfing" in this sense is clearly derived from the earlier "channel
surfing" that has been a favorite pastime of a certain segment of the
population (mostly male) since TV remote controls became available in
the early 1970s.

        -Les Earnest

______________________________________________________________________
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Sender: Les Earnest 
Subject: CM> Date of first Intranet?

Rick Barry writes:
   Before it is history in the age sense rather than the event sense, can
   anyone say when and where the first intranet was created?

If you want to know when and where the first intranet web system was
created, I don't know.  However, if you want to know when in-house
shared data and discussions began, that was shortly after the
emergence of timesharing systems in the mid-1960s.  For example, we
had an electronic bulletin board and various shared files on the
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab (SAIL) computer in the late
1960s and email exchanges began in the early 1970s, about the same
time we began using ARPAnet seriously.

        -Les Earnest

______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
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Sender: ben@dxcern.cern.ch (Ben Segal)
Subject: Resending my contribution...
                                                                    |
|                                                                              |
|Just read the CPSR announcement of your interesting initiative. I will        |
|subscribe. As for a bit of "primary-source information", I can contribute     |
|a small history I wrote last year on the arrival of the Internet (and later   |
|the Web) at CERN - its URL is http://wwwcn.cern.ch/pdp/ns/ben/TCPHIST.html    |
|I agree with you that computer professionals should spend at least some of    |
|their time reflecting on the origins of the core ideas and directions of      |
|the information revolution: after all, they are propagating it!               |
|                                                                              |
|Ben Segal / CERN         http:/wwwcn.cern.ch/~ben                             |
|                         b.segal@cern.ch                                      |

______________________________________________________________________
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Subject: CM> early experiences of cyberspace
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Sender: Efrem Lipkin 
Subject: Re: CM> early experiences of cyberspace

In terms of an actual sense of cyberspace, neither People's Computer Club
nor Community Memory are good early examples. PCC was about computers and
programming not communication. The Community Memory Project was very much
about computer-mediated communication, but the emphasis was on placing
terminals in a rich social space. The first terminal (a teletype in a
cardboard box) had a full time-human attendant (barker & trainer) and
frequently a line waiting to use noisy thing. The result was an interesting
mix of cyberspace with flesh and blood, where the biological space was
usually dominant. There were some fascinating exceptions to this which were
the CM crew's first hints of the way Gibson's poorly imagined, but very
accurately tagged "consensual hallucination" would develop.

My impression is that the Plato system was the first were a sense of
cyberspace developed and then probably Murray Turoff's EIES system in NJ. I
am not sure of the dates for USENET and it's news groups, but the size of
its community in the late 70's makes me believe it was the first city
constructed in cyberspace.

>
>> The University of Minnesota had some kind of remote college campus / High
>> School outreach program, so there were students communicating from all over
>
>People's computer club in Menlo Park and the Community Memory project
>in the bay area come to mind.  (PCC had a storefront center by around
>68 or so).  I had teletypes in a few LA locations in the early 70s
>also.  Plato was also around in those days.
>
>Lar
______________________________________________________________________
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In a message dated 96-06-06 20:10:11 EDT, bjander@ibm.net wrote:

>One of the earliest mail applications was on back to back PDP11/34's in New
>Zealand's first "cold type" NewsPaper,
>about 1974... again primative but an "intranet", in so far as the subeditors
>and readers shared a common resource of
>material, and could provde "layers" of security.

For a question that I thought I had mistakenly put on the list, it has
certainly evoked some interesting responses.  I'm not an expert in
'intranets' so I'm not really sure that all of the responses would qualify as
intranets in the sense that the word seems to be being used today.  E.g., I
don't think it is synonymous with any groupware such as internal email, or I
suppose that a new term like this wouldn't have been found necessary or
desirable to talk about it; but I may very well be wrong.  My impression was
that the term embraced Web technology and was created to distinguish it from
public Internet Webs.  I'll leave it up to some of the experts more directly
involved in the movement to judge what does and doesn't constitute an
intranet.  Which brings me to a related question:  does anyone know when the
term was coined and by whom, or when it first appeared in the literature?

Rick Barry

Richard E. Barry, Barry Associates
3808 North Albemarle Street; Arlington, Virginia  22207 USA
Tel:+703/241-3808; Fax: +703/241-7968; E-mail: rickbarry@aol.com
Welcome to World Wide Web Homepage: http://www.rbarry.com/

______________________________________________________________________
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Subject: CM> Origins of Emoticons, Answer.
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Sender: Ted Nellen 


>
> Here's one for the list, where did the emoticon originate?
>
> OlManiac

One source http://www.newbie.net/JumpStations/SmileyFAQ.html
attributes the smileys to Scott Fahlman of Carnegie Mellon U about 14
years ago.  He devised a scheme for encoding and conveying one's feelings
called "glyphs".  His first two were :-) and :-(

More info if you are interested can be found at
http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us/referenc.html#smile

Cheers,                                            __o
                                                 _-\<_
Ted    8-)                                      (_)/(_)

http://mbhs.bergtraum.k12.ny.us
http://www.dorsai.org/~tnellen

______________________________________________________________________
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Subject: CM> The Dawn of Emoticons =)
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Sender: 
Subject: CM> The Dawn of Emoticons =)

On Jun 7,  8:08am, by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S. Bennahum) wrote:




> 8^)
>
> Here's one for the list, where did the emoticon originate?
>
> OlManiac

According to Raymond and Steele's Jargon Page, which everyone should check out
(http://www.eps.mcgill.ca/jargon/jargon.html), an "emoticon" was first used in
1980 when Scott Fahlman whimsically included his creation in a post to a
bulletin board. He probably had no idea how quick the thing would catch on.

I think a lot of the *language* and _text modification_ that goes on on the
Internet today is greatly influenced by the technical and programming-oriented
core of users that first pioneered it. A lot of usages show clear connections
to programming syntax /*e.g., in place of parentheses*/ and "quotations before
periods". It's funny how easily a lot of it is so quickly picked up by newer
users. I would argue that the combination of the technical nature of the
original Internet users and the Internet's natural restriction to ASCII text-
only communication has created a sort of written dialect specific to the
Internet.

Brett Wetzell

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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There are now about 900 people subscribed to this list, which is wonderful.
However, as the number of subscribers grows, so does message flow.  To
ensure that the quality of posts, and this list remains on purpose ("...to
explore the origins, history and development of computer networks, computer
hardware,  software, and computer science, and the environment collectively
known as 'cyberspace.'"), here are a couple of guidelines for what *not* to
send to the list:

        o Do not send questions all by themselves, without any additional
information.  Please "give" something in return for your question: a
historical event you know of, a link to a resource document, i.e. some sort
of info pertaining to the history of cyberspace.

        o "I agree" or "I disagree" without any supporting information.

        o Speculation without historical info, jokes without info.

        o Speculation on the future of the Internet without any supporting
historical info of why, given the past, we should expect this in the
future.

In sum: whatever the message, please contribute some information to the
list.  That way the ratio of questions-answers will be balanced.

Thanks!

best,
db

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Sender: Louis N Proyect 
Subject: IBM/military links

In an article by Gar Alpervowitz that appeared in the October '94
Technology Review, he alludes to research that demonstrates that something
like 11 out of the major 15 breakthroughs in computing since WWII were
a side-effect of publically funded research efforts, many of which has
ties to the Pentagon.

Does anybody know of a book that focuses on these types of connections
between IBM specifically and the cold-war military machine? Or other big
mainframe companies that are no longer around (Univac, etc.).

Thanks, Louis Proyect

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Sender: Bruce Jones 
Subject: Re:  CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?

[~snip~]

Try this:

        *Tools for Thought: The People and Ideas Behind the Next
        Computer Revolution* by Howard Rheingold. New York :
        Computer Book Division/Simon & Schuster, c1985.
        335 p. Includes index, Bibliography: p. 321-326.

Bruce Jones                     Department of Communication
bjones@ucsd.edu                 University of California, San Diego
(619) 534-0417/4410             9500 Gilman Drive
FAX 619/534-7315                La Jolla, CA 92093-0503
=-=
http://communication.ucsd.edu/bjones/index.html
 -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=- -=-

Sender: szpak@ra.isisnet.com (Mark Szpakowski)
Subject: Re: CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?

At 7:56 AM 6/7/96, "David Norton" (by way of davidso wrote:
>I'm wondering if anyone knows of texts (articles and books) that deal with
>how computers changed from being perceived as computational devices to be
>publication/media/social devices.

Computers and communications may have already been linked in the minds of
the earliest pioneers. For example, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak got their
start doing phone-phreak devices, and, according to something I read a long
time ago (sorry, can't remember the source) the Apple I was meant to be a
phone/computer device. In my case as well, in the early days of Community
Memory in 1972, seeing the computer as a social device to enable
communications seemed perfectly natural. Maybe we were just naive...

- Mark

-----------------
Mark Szpakowski
szpak@isisnet.com

Sender: henstell@ucla.edu (bruce henstell)
Subject: Re: CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?

>Sender: "David Norton" 
>Subject: Books regarding the social construction of computers?

Of course social construction covers a number of sins depending on your
point of view. I'm doing my Ph.d diss in this area, on multimedia, and have
a fairly good bibliography. Some relevant materials are (in no particular
order):

Edwards, Paul N. The Closed world: compurers and the politics of discourse
in cold war America. Cambridge: MIT, 1996.

Woolgar, Steve. "Reconstructing Man and Machine: A Note on Sociological
Critiques of Cognitivism." In The Social Construction of Technological
Systems, edited by Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch,
311-328. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990a.

Woolgar, Steve. Science: The Very Idea. Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood,
1988.

Woolgar, Steve. "The Turn to Technology in Social Studies of Science."
Science, Technology and Human Values 16, no. 1 (1991): 20-50.

Woolgar, Steve. "Why Not a Sociology of Machines? The Case of Sociology and
Artifical Intelligence." Sociology 19:4: 557-572.

Woolgar, Steve, and Keith Grint. "Computers and the transformation of
social analysis." Science, Technology and Human Values 16, no. 3 (1991):
368-378.

Woolgar, Steve, and Geoff Russell. "The social basis of computer viruses."
. Brunel University: Centre for Research into Innovation, 1990.

Bardini, Thierry. "The Social Construction of the Personal Computer User."
Journal of Communication 45, no. 3 (1995): 4065.

Bijker, Wiebe E., Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch, eds. The Social
Construction of Technological Systems. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.

Bloomfield, Brian P., Rod Coombs, and Jenny Owen. "The social construction
of information systems-the implications for management control." In
Management of information and communication technologies: emerging
patterns, edited by Robin Mansell, 143-157. np: ASLIB, 1994.

Brants, Kees. "The social construction of the information revolution."
European Journal of Communication 4 (1989): 79-97.

Callon, Michel. "Society in the Making: The Study of Technology as a Tool
for Sociological Analysis." In The Social Construction of Technological
Systems, edited by Wiebe E Bijer, Thomnas P. Hughes and Trevor J. Pinch,
83-103. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.

Graves, William. "Ideologies of computing." In Work and technology in
higher education: The social construction of academic computing., edited by
Mark A. Shields, 65-87. Hilldale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,
1995.

Pinch, Trevor J., and Wiebe E. Bijker. "The Social Construction of Facts
and Artifacts: Or How the Sociology of Science and the Sociology of
Technology Might Benefit Each Other." In The Social Construction of
Technological Systems, edited by Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes and
Trevor J. Pinch. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990.

Shields, Mark A. "The social construction of academic computing." In Work
and technology in higher education: The social construction of academic
computing., edited by Mark A. Shields, 1-18. Hilldale, New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, 1995.

Winner, Langdon. "Social Construction: Opening the Black Box and Finding it
Empty." Science as Culture 3, no. 3 (1994): 427-452.

Bruce Henstell
Grad Sch of Education and Information Studies
UCLA

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Sender: Dean Esmay 
Subject: CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?

Wozniac and Jobs did sell telephone "blue boxes" in college, while still
kids, but I don't know if I would call that their "start."  It was part of
how they got to know each other, and they made a little money from it, but
it was the kind of thing that college kids do as a lark more than anything.
Back in those days, "phreaking" as it was called was just a thing technical
wiz kids who were kind of bad boys used to do.

It wasn't until later that they got into computers and tried to start a
company.  They certainly didn't use money from selling blue boxes to get
their start; they hadn't done that in some time.  They sold, I believe, an
old Veedub and an HP engineering calculator to get started, then sought out
a venture capitalist.

Also, the old Apple I was not meant to be a "telephone/computer" device.
It was meant to be a computer, period.  It DID have a port on it that could
output to a tape recorded for loading and saving programs, and that port
worked at 1200 baud, which was very impressively fast for its day.  It also
had slots (I don't remember how many) for expansion.  But it was not
designed with playing with phones in mind.

The Apple IIs, which came after it, became the computer of choice for a
while among people who did want to play around illegally with the phone
lines, but that was mostly due to a third-party modem called the Apple Cat.
The Apple Cat was interesting because instead of just generating standard
phone tones, it had  advanced (for the time) sound circuitry, so you could
program it easily to make all the tones needed for modem connections,
including touch tones, modem tones, etc... but because you could create
sounds in any frequency, you could also therefore generate all kinds of
tones to manipulate the phone system, if you knew what you were doing.

Eventually the phone companies got a court injunction against the old Apple
Cats, so the later models had the sophisticated sound capabilities disabled
so they could only generate standard modem and touch tones.  And the world
converted over to electronic switching anyway.

Still, those were heady days for kids who wanted to play games ripping off
"Ma Bell," and an old Apple II was the phreaker's best friend.  But that
was never something Apple designed their machines to do, it was stuff that
third-parties and shady individuals did with the machines.

Just someone who was there, at least in the later days.  God I can't
believe how long ago that stuff was.  %-)


----------------------------------------------------------------------
Dean Esmay, esmay@syndicomm.com                         (313) 359-1704
Syndicomm Inc. Online Management             http://www.syndicomm.com/

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 1996 12:54:48 -0700
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To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Date of first Intranet?
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>From:  burkett@haas.berkeley.edu (Dave Burkett)
>To:    RICKBARRY@aol.com
>CC:    errors@snyside.sunnyside.com (Multiple recipients of list
>cpsr-history@cpsr.org)
>
>The first Computer Reseller News article attached below credits a 1995
>Zona Research report for coining the Intranet term.  However the next
>three article abstracts show that the term at least had prior roots in an
>April 95 Digital Review article, a 1988 company name (IntraNet) or the
>1977 IBM usage of the term.

Thanks Dave Burkett for your rich and excellent contribution to the question
on the orgins of the word "intranet".   I had earlier thought that the term
was quite unique in its meaning, in the same sense that theterm "hypertext"
that was coined by Ted Nelson in 1965 carried its special meaning from then
through decades before it actually came into practical use to today.  What I
am learning from this list conversation is that the term "intranet" doesn't
have that kind of lineage and has been used at various time with different
meanings.  What seems to be taking off in very large numbers today is the
growing use of Web technology for internal information sharing and to support
other business transactions or processes "behind-the-firewall" (whether
within a single organization or among an invited membership of organizations
with shared business aims and relationships) using the innovative (1965)
hypertext, hypermedia, technology.  Again fromTim Evans' BUILDING AN INTRANET
(pp. xx-xxi):

"In a recent surbvey by Business Research Group, reprorted in the *Wall
Street Journal* (November 7, 1995), nearly a quarter of 170 medium- and
large-sized companies surveyed are already setting up corporate Intranets
using World Wide Web technology, while another 20 percent are actively
considering doing so....

"Zona Research projects the Intranet software market will more than double in
the next two years from $488 million in 1995 to $1.2 Billion in 1996 (*Wall
Street Journal* November 7,   1995).  IBM has just upgraded it Lotus Notes
groupware package to add Web capabilities, a defense against companies using
teh Weeb as a poor man's Notes for collaborative purposes.  Netscape
Communications Corporation has acquired Collabra Software, Inc., makers of
another groupware package, and plans to integrate it into its flagship
Nestcape Navigator Web browser."

Thus, for this observer at least, the historical value and interest in the
term "intranet" should  be marked not be as a synonym for "groupware" or
"computer-supported collaborative work" applications  --  terms that have
their own very important origins in the history of computing.  Rather it
should be remembered as the marriage of Web (hypertext and browser)
technology with internal, not public, organizational information systems,
which would suggest (as Evans postulates) that CERN, by definition, was the
first to actually implement intranet technology in 1993.  Whether it was
called by that name then or not, I do not know.  If not, possibly the Zona
report in 1995 was the first usage of the term in the literature with the
more specific Web meaning.  If anyone has still further insights, it seems
that there are many of us who would be interested to hear them.

This has been a very informative conversation on what I believe is going to
be something worthy of historical bookmarks.  Particularly if, as some
predict, the next version of Windows will have a web face.  Thanks to all of
you who responded to my initial query.

Rick Barry

Richard E. Barry, Barry Associates
3808 North Albemarle Street; Arlington, Virginia  22207 USA
Tel:+703/241-3808; Fax: +703/241-7968; E-mail: rickbarry@aol.com
Welcome to World Wide Web Homepage: http://www.rbarry.com/

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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______________________________________________________________________
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From: peter@baileynm.com (Peter da Silva) (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S.))
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Subject: CM> PCC and the seeds it sowed...MUD ancestor.
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Sender: peter@baileynm.com (Peter da Silva)
Subject: PCC and the seeds it sowed...

One of the projects at PCC was a program called "Public Caves". It was the
ancient ancestor of today's "MUD"s -- Multi-user Dungeons. There were
knockoffs of this program at Berkeley around 1980, and I did an implementation
in C on the IBM-PC that I ran as a "virtual environment" themed BBS out
of my house for a few years starting around 1984.

I think I have a copy of that code, ported to UNIX, lying around somewhere.
It's a very primitive "MUD", with the social interaction limited to leaving
messages on the "walls" of "caves", as it was in the original PCC "Caves".

The original "Caves" allowed, I believe, up to 6 messages up to 6 lines
long. Connections between "caves" was limited to the 4 cartesian directions
plus "up" and "down" (there's obviously a theme of 6es here). Mine allowed
messages up to 1k, pretty much unlimited (they were stored in a token linked
list on disk), and 10 directions... but was otherwise pretty true to the
original. In its BBS incarnation you could also leave private messages for
specific users (email)...

Every now and then I destroyed the database and let it build itself from
a kernel of 3 or 4 "caves" I created to set a theme. Generally most players
stuck to the theme, but there were one or two who would rebuild the same
set of "caves" over and over again in each new database.

I don't know how much of this became part of the "MUD" environment, or what
the relationship between "Public Caves" and Vernor Vinge's short story "True
Names" is, other than the themes being similar, but I like to think that
the old PCC project laid part of the groundwork for today's more ambitious
virtual worlds.

______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
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Subject: CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?
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Sender: lehtman@netcom.com (Harvey Lehtman)
Subject: Re: CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?

[~snip~]

There are several books and articles that I can suggest.

---------------
Howard Rheingold wrote an excellent book in 1984 called "Tools for Thought:
The People and Ideas of the Next Computer Revolution."  Howard looked at
the early history of computing (with profiles of pioneers Babbage, Ada
Lovelace, Boole, Turing, von Neumann, Weiner and Shannon) and focuses on
the work of post-1950 pioneers J.C.R Licklider, the first director of
ARPA's Information Processing Technology Office; Doug Engelbart, inventor
of the mouse, windowed displays, implementor of one of the first successful
hypertext systems, NLS (later Augment), and creator of the first ARPANet
Network Information Center among many other achievements; Bob Taylor, also
of ARPA and later Xerox PARC; and Alan Kay, of PARC, Atari labs, and, since
1984, Apple.  Howard ends the book with discussions of the work of Avron
Barr, Brenda Laurel, and Ted Nelson, all of whom have built on the work of
their predecessors to "enable people to do what they do best by using
machines to do what they do best" or, as Vannevar Bush, J.C.R. Licklider,
and Doug Engelbart, intended, to "augment" human intellect.

Howard's book was published by Simon and Schuster in 1985.  Unfortunately,
it is out of print.  Fortunately, rights reverted to Howard who has posted
the complete text at his web site at:

http://www.well.com/user/hlr/texts/tftindex.html


-----------

A symposium called "A History of Personal Workstations" was held in Palo
Alto on 9 January 1986 sponsored by the ACM.  Many of the pioneers profiled
in Howard's book spoke.  The proceedings were edited by Adele Goldberg,
formerly of PARC and then of ParcPlace Systems, and published in 1988 by
the ACM Press (distributed by Addison-Wesley.)

An order form is at:

http://www.acm.org/catalog/books/701863.html

The following comes from the book description at that site:


"[...] This distinctive book presents their history as seen from the unique
perspective of the people who pioneered their development. These computer
scientists and engineers originally presented their papers at the ACM
Conference on the History of Personal Workstations. Historically
significant papers by important computer scientists and researchers are
also presented and complemented by many historical photographs."

There were also videos of Doug Engelbart's and Alan Kay's presentations
distributed by ACM.

------------

There are relevant historical notes in the book "The Art of Human-Computer
Interface Design" edited by Brenda Laurel and published by Addison-Wesley.
This book was initiated and sponsored by Apple's Human Interface Group
under the sponsorship of Joy Mountford.  (Both Joy and Brenda are currently
at Interval Research in Palo Alto.)  A description and order form is at:

http://www.aw.com/devpress/titles/51797.html

-------------


Also, check out the March 1996 issue of the ACM Journal Interactions for
the proceedings of a symposium celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of the
publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal work, "As We May Think," the
inspriration for many who saw the new machines as devices to augment human
intellect and interaction.  The featured speakers included Doug Engelbart,
Ted Nelson, Robert Kahn, Tim Berners-Lee, Michael Lesk, Nicholas
Negroponte, Raj Reddy, Lee Sproull, Douglas Adams, and Alan Kay.  The chair
of the program was Andries van Dam of Brown University.
------------

I also recommend two pioneering papers by J.C.R. Licklider, "Man-Computer
Symbiosis,"  first published in IRE (now IEEE) Transactions on Human
Factors in Electronics, volume HFE-1, pages 4-11, March 1960; and (with
Robert Taylor) "The Computer as a Communication Device", first published in
Science and Technology, April 1968.  Both papers were collected and
reprinted on 7 August 1990 as a memorial to Licklider with an introduction
by Robert Taylor, director of Digital Equipment's Palo Alto Systems
Research Center as Research Report 61.  Copies may be obtained from the
Digital Systems Research Center, 130 Lytton Avenue, Palo Alto, CA 94301.
-------------

Ted Nelson's pioneering book, Computer Lib/Dream Machines, was self
published in 1974.  Quoting The Whole Earth Catalog quoting Nelson: "That
reminds me.  Nowhere in the book have I defined the phrase 'computer lib.'
By Computer Lib I mean simply: making people freer through computers.
That's all."

(Reprinted in 1987 by Tempus Books of Microsoft Press, Redmond, Washington.)

-------------

Engelbart's pioneering 1963 report, "Augmenting Human Intellect, a
Conceptual Framework" was reprinted in "Computer-Supported Cooperative
Work: A Book of Readings" edited by Irene Grief, published by Morgan
Kaufman, San Mateo, in 1988.

An interview with Doug with an extensive discussion of history on the
occasion  of his being awarded the Computerworld Smithsonian Award in 1994
may be found at:

http://www.si.edu/perspect/comphist/englebar.htm

--------------

And by the way, the Smithsonian has a site concerned with Computer History at:

http://www.si.edu/perspect/comphist/computer.htm

(I just found it looking for a citation for Doug's paper in Alta Vista.)


I found an interesting posting by Alan Kay (through Alta Vista) at:

http://polaris.biology.ucla.edu:8088/kayarchive/0047.html

*****************
Re: History of Computing: Acco

Kay, Alan (KAY2@applelink.apple.com)
25 Jan 96 23:26 GMT

Here are some (more accurate) additions and changes...

1950s Check out Whirlwind (at MIT) and other SAGE (air defence) projects.
Graphical displays, light-pens (actually guns), etc.

1941 Konrad Zuse electro-mechanical computer with a store and
a programming language (floating point binary machine with
a 64 word store). The Z3.

1945 "As We May Think" Vannevar Bush introduces the MEMEX, a personal
computer.

1960 "Man-Computer Symbiosis" J.C.R. Licklider

1961 R.S. Barton invents the B5000 -- the first modern computer architecture
(more modern than any architecture now in vogue today).

1962 Sketchpad of Ivan Sutherland, the first real example of interactive
graphics, windows (it had one), icons, (almost)-object-oriented models, GUI,
etc. This was a landmark system.

1962 Engelbart's landmark proposal for "Augmenting Human Intellect", influenced
by MEMEX, etc.

1963 Licklider starts ARPA projects to invent "Man-Computer Symbiosis".

1963 Wes Clark's LINC the first actual personal computer at Lincoln Labs

1963 RAND implements JOSS, the first great end-user programming system

1964 Engelbart and English invent the mouse (at SRI)

1964 Ellis, Sibley, et.al. invent the first tablet (at RAND)

1965 Papert, Feurzeig, Bobrow, et.al. first implement LOGO

1967 Alan Kay & Ed Cheadle invent the FLEX machine, a very early desktop
computer, the first to be called a "personal computer", and the first to have
OOP SW.

1968 Engelbart et.al. give a smashing demo of NLS to several thousand people in
San Francisco, showing the mouse, hypertext, screen regions, interactive
cooperative work with video, voice, and shared screen, etc.

1968 (1967-69) RAND shows GRAIL, the first complete penbased system, featuring
end-user programming, and (almost completely) modeless editing.

1968 Alan Kay Masters thesis on FLEX machine

1968 Alan Kay idea for Dynabook, a notebook computer for children of all ages.

1970 Xerox forms PARC

1970 Alan Kay proposal for a "KiddiKomp"

1972 The MAXC at PARC (a fake PDP10) becomes operational (first computer to use
IC RAM memory),

1971-2 PARC: Gary Starkweather invents first workable laser printer

1972 PARC: First font editor (Ben Laws and Alan Kay)

1972 PARC: First bitmap painting (Alan Kay and Steve Purcell)

1972 PARC: First Smalltalk interpreter (designed by Alan Kay; implemented by
Dan Ingalls).

1973 PARC: The ALTO, by Chuck Thacker, a 6-MIP microcoded workstation with a
mouse, bit-mapped screen, IC RAM, etc. Runs Smalltalk as its first system.

1973 PARC: Steve Purcell shows 10 frame per second "Disney style" 2.5D
animation on the Alto.

1973-5 PARC: Bravo was an early word-processor (now called MS WORD) done by
Butler Lampson, Charles Simonyi et. al.

Shazam, an interactive animation authoring system was done by
Ron Baecker et.al.

TWANG, an interactive music authoring system was done by
Ted Kaehler, et. al.

Desktop publishing was initiated by Larry Tesler, Jeff Rulifson
and by Bob Flegal & Diana Merry

And much much more.

I am too exhausted to try to correct the years 1976 and beyond.

Cheers,

Alan

*******************



My favorite Internet (hypertext) history timeline is Hobbes Internet
Timeline at:

http://info.isoc.org/guest/zakon/Internet/History/HIT.html

Pointers to other timelines and historical information may be found at the
Media History Project run by Kristina Ross, a doctoral candidate at the
University of Colorado.  (She's now at the University of Texas at El Paso
and needs server support.):

http://spot.colorado.edu/~rossk/history/compute.html
http://spot.colorado.edu/~rossk/history/about.html

Enough for now......



[A personal note:  I started working in Doug Engelbart's group, the
Augmentation Research Center, at SRI International (formerly Stanford
Research Institute), in 1969 and stayed with that group until I joined
Apple in 1980.  I became associated with the Institute for the Future in
Menlo Park in 1993.  Many of my colleagues from SRI and Apple's early days
have migrated through places key to the evolution about which David Norton
inquires.  For example, SRI-ARC was one of the first three nodes on the
ARPANet in 1969.]


  Harvey G. Lehtman                             Phone  415.854.6322
  Institute for the Future                      Fax    415.854.7850
  2744 Sand Hill Road
  Menlo Park, CA 94025-7020   U S A

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Fri, 7 Jun 1996 13:23:54 -0700
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From: "Bruemmer, Bruce"  (by way of davidsol@panix.com)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> IBM/Military Links -- New Book on IPTO and ARPA.
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Sender: "Bruemmer, Bruce" 
Subject: Re: CM> IBM/military links

A book will soon be out on the contributions of the IPTO office of ARPA to
computing.  It does not define the number of computer "breakthroughs," but
looks at networking, graphics, time sharing, and other major area in which ARPA
placed much money.  The book was the result of research conducted by the former
director of the Charles Babbage Institute at the University of Minnesota.
The citation is:

Norberg, Arthur L. (Arthur Lawrence), 1938-
TITLE: Transforming computer technology : information processing for the
Pentagon, 1962-1986 /
PLACE: Baltimore :
|PUBLISHER: Johns Hopkins University Press,
|     YEAR: 1996
| PUB TYPE: Book
|   FORMAT: p. cm.
|   SERIES: Johns Hopkins studies in the history of technology    NOTES:
Includes bibliographical references (p.   ) and index. |     ISBN: 0801851521
(alk. paper)


Bruce H. Bruemmer
Archivist
Charles Babbage Institute
103 Walter Library
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN  55455

voice  612-624-5050
fax    612-625-8054
email  bruce@fs1.itdean.umn.edu
http://cbi.www.umn.edu/

______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
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Subject: CM> The Dawn of Emoticons =)
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Sender: "Mike O'Brien" 
Subject: Re: CM> The Dawn of Emoticons =)

Brett Wetzel says:
> According to Raymond and Steele's Jargon Page, which everyone should check out
> (http://www.eps.mcgill.ca/jargon/jargon.html), an "emoticon" was first used in
> 1980 when Scott Fahlman whimsically included his creation in a post to a
> bulletin board. He probably had no idea how quick the thing would catch on.

        That's one version.  Actually, around the same time, on the Usenet
newsgroup net.singles (which at that time included a large number of the
most prolific correspondents on Usenet, ARPANET, Internet, or any other net),
a woman popped up with her creation, the smiley.  Others of my friends
remember this too, but no one now remembers who the woman was.  We lack
sufficient motivation to grep through the magtape Usenet archives at UCSD.

        It seems safe to say that smiley technology was probably invented
multiple times by multiple people.  Pinning down the first instance could
be difficult.

Mike O'Brien

______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________________
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Subject: CM> A Fragment of History
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Sender: Nelson Winkless 
Subject: CM: A Fragment of History

Since 1985, I've published a newsletter to keep my contact network alive,
and some of the items deal with olden times in the technology business.
(It's online now, too, at the URL in my tag, if yu have a taste for miscellany).
I'll go back and mine the archives for items that might be of interest to
this list. A fairly recent example:

ANTIQUE DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
...and speaking of history. back in 1977 Lee Felsenstein (renowned hacker
who designed Processor Tech's Sol computer among others) stopped by the
Personal Computing office to show us a treasure, "the first model of the
first commercial modem," a box in which a phone handset could be placed,
allowing a computer to say "beep beep" to another over long distances. Lee
was almost right. He actually had the second model of the "magnetic/acoustic
coupler," manufactured for Tymshare, Inc. by Climet Instruments about 1966.

I know it was the second model, because Communications Contact, Inc. (of
which I was sometime president, trading off with Paul Honore) designed it,
and produced the first forty or so devices. Tymshare (long since consumed by
McDonnell Douglas) began as Tymshare Associates in 1965, when Tom O'Rourke
and Dave Schmidt moved into an office next to us at 745 Distel Drive, Los
Altos CA, to set up one of the earliest commercial timesharing services. It
wasn't easy.

Their salesman, a skinny, hollow-eyed young guy named John Jerrehian, who
lived on hamburgers, and slept in his car on the road, couldn't easily
demonstrate timesharing to prospects, because he couldn't hook up a demo
from their own offices to the remote computer. The fellows asked if we
could make a coupler for them that John could carry with him. There were
such things, but apparently no unit was available commercially.

Sure, our smart associate Terry Wilson worked out the circuitry, while Paul
worked out the packaging, and with Bob Leeman's help, we produced several
couplers (ten, I think). I recall that the urethane foam we poured into them
turned a really odd purple, as well as stinking mightily. Whenever John did
a demo, the prospect would ask: "If I had two of those, could I get two
Teletype machines to talk to each other over regular phone lines?" The
answer was yes. "How much are they?"...and Tymshare was in the coupler
business before they were in the computer service business for real.

They sold the first batch, and wanted an improved version that would handle
300 baud. Wow! Terry designed, and the fellows built thirty more units, about
as many as our little R&D operation could handle. With our agreement,
Tymshare had Climet build the next couple of hundred ...of which Lee had
found one.
Terry designed another version, but Tymshare had growing pains and internal
conflict, and the project never quite carried through. Anderson-Jacobsen
developed a unit that dominated the market for some years...but we were there
at the start.

Lee seemed a bit hurt that his hot discovery wasn't as surprising as he hoped.
Ah well. Life is full of this and that. Among other things, Mr. Jerrehian
became sleek and prosperous, and quit sleeping in his car.



Is this adequately historical?

--Nels Winkless


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Nelson Winkless                         correspo@swcp.com
ABQ Communications Corporation          Voice: 505-897-0822
P.O. Box 1432                           Fax: 505-898-6525
Corrales NM 87048 USA                   Website: http://www.swcp.com/correspo

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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Subject: CM> origin of term *surfing*
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Sender: "Carpenter, Claire" 
Subject: origin of term *surfing*

It seems that the pioneering librarian Jean Armour Polly launched the
term *surfing* to mean exploring Internet resources.  See the article
in which she explains how she got the idea from an Apple memento that
said "Information Surfer":
      Surfing the Internet:  Birth of a Metaphor
      at  http://www.well.com/user/polly/birth.html

Claire Carpenter
Technical Editor/FACTS Center Seminar Coordinator

115 McVey Hall/Computing Center   __o    Phone: 606-257-2274  (pm best)
UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY          _-\<,_   FAX: 606-323-1978
Lexington, KY 40506-0045       (*)/ (*)  E-mail: claire@ukcc.uky.edu

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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______________________________________________________________________
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Sender: Alan Bawden 
Subject: CM> The Dawn of Emoticons =)

   Date: Fri, 7 Jun 1996 10:17:31 -0700
   From: wbwetzel@eos.ncsu.edu
   Subject: CM> The Dawn of Emoticons =)
   [...]
   According to Raymond and Steele's Jargon Page, which everyone should
   check out (http://www.eps.mcgill.ca/jargon/jargon.html), an "emoticon"
   was first used in 1980 when Scott Fahlman whimsically included his
   creation in a post to a bulletin board. He probably had no idea how
   quick the thing would catch on.
   [...]

In his column in the June 96 issue of "Fantasy & Science Fiction", Gregory
Benford writes:

  Most of the Net's "emoticons", typographical tricks read sideways to
  convey smiles, disapproval or a sardonic wink -- :), :(, ;) -- appeared
  in fanzines by the 1940s.

I had never heard this claim before, but it does seem possible that smileys
leaked into electronic mail culture from sf fandom culture.  Perhaps
Fahlman was the conduit.

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory (CPSR)
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______________________________________________________________________
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From: "Mike O'Brien" 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> early experiences of cyberspace: PLATO.
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Sender: "Mike O'Brien" 
Subject: Re: CM> early experiences of cyberspace

Ephrem Lipkin says:
> My impression is that the Plato system was the first w[h]ere a sense of
> cyberspace developed and then probably Murray Turoff's EIES system in NJ. I

PLATO was probably neck-and-neck with the ARPANET.  PLATO had been around
since the mid-1960s but up until 1972, when deployment of PLATO IV terminals
got underway, it consisted of a single "classroom" that looked like a
language lab, with about twenty terminals.  Several such classrooms
existed at different physical sites but only one could be active at a
time; the PLATO mainframe was sort of gang-switched between the different
sets of terminals.

Once PLATO IV got going on a really big mainframe Cyber-series machine,
simultaneous terminals at physically different locations drove the
development of online communication systems such as Notes, talkomatic,
and the wealth of multi-player interactive games which really were PLATO's
greatest achievement.  It's very un-PC to say so (no pun intended) but I
had never seen games which could touch the ones on PLATO until nettrek
and MUDs came along.

So the "PLATO community" probably began forming around 1972.  As far as I
know it's still going strong.  It has always been extremely insular and inner-
directed, only rarely taking inspiration from any other efforts in CS or
networking.

Mike O'Brien

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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______________________________________________________________________
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Subject: CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?
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Sender: Ken_Pier.PARC@xerox.com
Subject: Re: CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?

Re: Sender: "David Norton" 
Subject: Books regarding the social construction of computers?

Try "A History of Personal Workstations"  Edited by Adele Goldberg.  ACM
Press. 1988.

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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From: lehtman@netcom.com (Harvey Lehtman) (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S.))
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Date of first Intranet?
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Sender: lehtman@netcom.com (Harvey Lehtman)
Subject: Re: CM> Date of first Intranet?

>Before it is history in the age sense rather than the event sense, can anyone
>say when and where the first intranet was created?
>


I found the following message (using Alta Vista) at:

http://www.brill.com/intranet/ijx/msg/1525.html

from Steve Telleen at Amdahl (slt50@juts.ccc.amdahl.com).

Posted by Steve Telleen on May 08, 1996 at 23:42:05:

In Reply to: Re: Intranet Definition posted by Heo, Hong on May 02, 1996 at
04:47:46:

Heo,

You might want to look at the previous reply to this question. But to
summarize, the earliest use of the term Intranet to refer to the use of
Internet and Web technology on a private network was in the summer of 1994
in my group at Amdahl Corporation. We actually did a search on the term in
August of 1994 when IDC suggested that we trademark the term. We did not
find any other users of the term at that time. However, we also did not
register the name either. We did start using a (tm) after the term when it
was spelled "IntraNet" and have notified people of copyright infringement
when they use it that way. In the fall of 1994 we used the term with a lot
of our customers, analysts and other companies. I also wrote a paper called
"The IntraNet Methodology: concepts and
rationale." We put an HTML version of the paper on Amdahl's external Web
early in 1995. In the spring of 1995 the term began to creep into more
widespread use outside Amdahl. As far as the definition: an Intranet is
just a "private" Internet. For people on the Intranet it looks and acts
like the Internet, but people outside the the Intranet are not able to gain
access to the Intranet and its information.

       "IntraNet Methodology: Concepts and Rationale" is at:

http://www.amdahl.com/doc/products/bsg/intra/




  Harvey G. Lehtman                             Phone  415.854.6322
  Institute for the Future                      Fax    415.854.7850
  2744 Sand Hill Road
  Menlo Park, CA 94025-7020   U S A

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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______________________________________________________________________
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Subject: CM> "Cerfing" the Net?
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Sender: Anthony Spataro 
Subject: Re: CM> "Cerfing" the Net?

On Fri, 7 Jun 1996 OLmaniac@AOL.COM wrote:
> 8^)
>
> Here's one for the list, where did the emoticon originate?

I started BBSing during the summer of 1990.  At that time, emoticons were
a very well-established form of communication, although everybody tended
to stick to the basics, such as :) and =).  The fancier emoticons were
regarded as jokes, or didn't exist at all.  Also, nobody called them
emoticons.  Come to think of it, as much as we used them, it's sort of
odd that nobody ever gave them a name.

[~snip~]

 _/\_   In the French language "Hello, world!" is a perfectly valid greeting.
/ L  \  =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
\_ C_/  Humanity's resource-conservation policies can be summarized thusly:
  \/        while(1) fork();

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
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From: Anthony Spataro  (by way of davidsol@panix.com (David S.))
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Subject: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.
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Sender: Anthony Spataro 
Subject: Re: CM> IBM/military links

On Fri, 7 Jun 1996, Louis N Proyect wrote:
> Does anybody know of a book that focuses on these types of connections
> between IBM specifically and the cold-war military machine? Or other big
> mainframe companies that are no longer around (Univac, etc.).

The autobiography of Thomas Watson, Jr. (son, I believe, of the founder
of IBM) contains a great deal of information concerning IBM's work for
the post-WWII government.  In particular, I recall a chapter about a
network of early-warning computers built to track radar contacts.  Watson
considers these computers a milestone because they did their processing
in real time.  (It has been four years since I read the book, so I would
consult the original text before taking any of this information as Gospel
truth.)

[Not from moderator: This network Anthony mentions was called SAGE, or
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment.  Anyone out there with first-hand
memories of SAGE?  A good book on SAGE, but very hard to find:

The SAGE Air Defense System: A Personal History, by John F. Jacobs,
Bedford, Massachussets: MITRE Corporation, (c) 1986, second printing 1990.]

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Sat, 8 Jun 1996 12:48:30 -0700
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From: davidsol@panix.com (David S. Bennahum)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> From Moderator - A better policy of dealing with questions.
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This is an update to the "Posting Guidelines" that was sent out yesterday.

Questions that stand alone, without any other information around them (e.g.
"Who was so-and-so?") will be compiled and placed in a single message, sent
out once a day with a subject of: "CM> Questions of the day."

That way people who want to read questions can do so, people with questions
can ask them, and list message volume will not grow excessively.

best,
db
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 07:56:10 -0700
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From: "Bill Anderson" 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Date of first Intranet -- AUTODIN.
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Sender: "Bill Anderson" 
Subject: Re: CM> Date of first Intranet?

On Jun 7,  8:12am, Les Earnest wrote:

> Rick Barry writes:
>    Before it is history in the age sense rather than the event sense,
can
>    anyone say when and where the first intranet was created?

[~snip~]

It depends on what you call an intranet. When I started working on
AUTODIN in 1968, it was already a full blown store and forward message
system. In addition to messages, it was sending information to update
other databases. For the life of me, I don't remember when AUTODIN
became operational. I still have books in my library regarding digital
communications that were published in the early 70's. Of course, I still
have a book on vacuum tube design of digital computers.

Bill Anderson

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
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            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 08:04:53 -0700
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From: Jay Hosler 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.
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Sender: Jay Hosler 
Subject: Re: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.

[~snip~]

> [Note from moderator: This network Anthony mentions was called SAGE, or
> Semi-Automatic Ground Environment.  Anyone out there with first-hand
> memories of SAGE?]

[~snip~]

I worked for SDC on SAGE for 2 years as trainer then as programmer on SATIN
(air-traffic control variant).  Quite a few of the SAGE folks are still
around and
I think a SAGE sub-group might develop some interesting traffic.  Is such a
mechanism possible/necessary?

[Note from moderator: I think we'd all like to know more about SAGE, so
please send your recollections to the list.]

Thanks

Jay Hosler
jhosler@cisco.com

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 08:08:53 -0700
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From: Les Earnest 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.
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Sender: Les Earnest 
Subject: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.

The moderator writes:
   Anyone out there with first-hand memories of SAGE?

As one of the designers of that alleged air defense system in the late
1950s, I remember it well.  The duplexed central computers in each of
the two dozen or so control centers occupied the area of a football
field with bays of vacuum tubes, magnetic drums and an early form of
core memory.  On the floor below was a comparably sized air
conditioning system to get rid of all that dissipated power.  On the
floor above were rows of display terminals with large circular
geographic displays and small storage tube displays for textual data
and a large screen display for the Generals to gaze upon.

Never mind that SAGE constituted a classic example of the
mis-application of computers.  If Soviet manned bombers had attacked
it would have been discovered that SAGE was close to useless as an air
defense system.  Fortunately that didn't happen, which allowed a myth
to be perpetuated to the effect that it actually worked.

Under the guidance of the Pentagon that whiz-bang technological marvel
subsequently gave rise to the so-called command-control-communications
industry, which sucked down billions of dollars from the U.S. defense
budget and is still sucking, even though the Strategic Defense
Initiative finally seems to be fading away.

        -Les Earnest

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 08:15:23 -0700
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From: abostick@netcom.com (Alan Bostick)
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> The Dawn of Emoticons =)
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Sender: abostick@netcom.com (Alan Bostick)
Subject: Re: CM> The Dawn of Emoticons =)

In article <95813893595.LTK.014@cpsr.org>,
Alan Bawden   wrote:
> In his column in the June 96 issue of "Fantasy & Science Fiction", Gregory
> Benford writes:
>
>   Most of the Net's "emoticons", typographical tricks read sideways to
>   convey smiles, disapproval or a sardonic wink -- :), :(, ;) -- appeared
>   in fanzines by the 1940s.
>
> I had never heard this claim before, but it does seem possible that smileys
> leaked into electronic mail culture from sf fandom culture.  Perhaps
> Fahlman was the conduit.

I'd love to see him cite specific instances.

I've been deeply involved in sf fandom since the early seventies and
have  a good knowledge of the history of sf fanzines; the first time I
saw sideways smileys was when I got involved with Usenet in 1988.

I *have* seen faces constructed out of typed characters in fanzines, but
they were all vertical, not horizontal, and were intended for
decoration, not as inline emotional code.  I would characterize them
more as ASCII-art-equivalents than smileys. Things along the lines of:

(.) (.)
   "
(_____)

It wouldn't be the first time Greg stretched the truth to make a point.

--
Alan Bostick               | The Necronomicon was not written by the Mad Arab,
mailto:abostick@netcom.com | it was written by Scott Adams
news:alt.grelb             |      Alan Olsen 
http://www.alumni.caltech.edu/~abostick

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 08:19:23 -0700
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From: "Blair Anderson" 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Date of first Intranet - GEnet.
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Sender: "Blair Anderson" 
Subject: Re: CM> Date of first Intranet?

On Fri, 7 Jun 1996 08:00:21 -0700, "Bernie Cosell" (by way of
davidsol@panix.com (David)) wrote:

>If it does mean 'internal IP net', then BBN is surely the first, since we
>were the only place back in the early days of the ARPAnet that had more
>than one IMP.  Not long after, IBM, DEC and Honeywell [at the very least]
>all had massive [and world-wide!] corporate-internal networks.

Could you "date" these events, ie guess a year?

Certainly Honeywell was functional via GEnet, but GEnet would therefore
aguably be earlier. (Unless someone can
confirm if it was Honeywell IS that delivered the Intranet solution to GE
in the first place.)
It behaved not unlike a Unix function list sitting behind what we now call
a firewall. This was operational in Australia
about 1977-78. Its use was limited, but functional..

As to its qualification as a true intranet, there was some "expertise"
required to maintain a modicum of integrity of
service.. there was  little the common man could do with such as system...

The same could be said for the DEC systems, further compounded by the
cryptic and disparate standards at the
"keyboard"  for edit controls commands.. and the speed available for
telecommuting (300baud).

These attributes make the definition of the term intranet very subjective.

The James Coagar 1500, later the Singer 1500, and later still ICL 1500,
distributed network topology, was IMHO the
finest piece of programmable WAN able network, supporting an Intranet
foundation on true highspeed (!megabit)
co-axial.  As a discrete componant "box" with screen, datastorage, keyedit,
on-offline cpability, it represented the first
"standalone" connectable desktop, plug to the wall computer... it
fundamentaly remained the same thru its life cycle of
over commercial useage for more than 12 years (1969-1981+)...   Built in
LAN support on the M/board. Some of the
individual applications on this machine were years ahaead of anything on
the Mainframe h/ware  mkt,  due to the
terrific differnce in pricing.. software investment cycle was short for the
1500.

Email on it was searchable, which eas an innovation on list management..

despite the slow speed of dial in, I do however think the value per bit
shifted, was higher than today, by an order or
two!

Cheers

Blair Anderson  (Blair_Anderson@ibm.net)
International Consultant in Electronic Commerce, Encryption and Electronic
Rights Management

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 08:23:03 -0700
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From: "Blair Anderson" 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?
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Sender: "Blair Anderson" 
Subject: Re: CM> Books regarding the social construction of computers?

On Fri, 7 Jun 1996 07:57:01 -0700, "David Norton" wrote:

>I'm interested in anything that treats computer development
>from a social constructionists perspective.

Try "The Psychology of the Computer Programmer", a guide for management,
1970ish.

There is some veritable gems contained within..


Cheers,


Blair Anderson  (Blair_Anderson@ibm.net)
International Consultant in Electronic Commerce, Encryption and Electronic
Rights Management

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 08:26:04 -0700
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From: "Blair Anderson" 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> Emoticon origins -- ASR33 Teletype.
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Sender: "Blair Anderson" 
Subject: Re: CM> "Cerfing" the Net?

>Here's one for the list, where did the emoticon originate?

terminology seen on FIDONet about 1988    %-)

regular use of, variations on theme, first seen on ASR33 teletype circa
1969-70, and Burroughs Series E generated invoices....
   on Nil Balance Statements!   :- )   and 3 months overdue  %- (        (1972)

Cheers,

Blair Anderson  (Blair_Anderson@ibm.net)
International Consultant in Electronic Commerce, Encryption and Electronic
Rights Management

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 08:28:53 -0700
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From: "Robert E. Maas  rem@btr.com" 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> ARPANET.
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Sender: "Robert E. Maas  rem@btr.com" 
Subject: ARPANET

The first time I witnessed ARPANET online was when I got e-mail from Jan Kok
in 1972 after he had visited SU-AI and we had met the previous summer.
I thought he was back in town, but his message got to me 3000 miles from
MIT, the first ARPANET message I ever received. Years later he disappeared
and I wonder if anybody knows where to find him?

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 10:00:00 -0700
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From: Carl Ellison 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> ARPANET.
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Sender: Carl Ellison 
Subject: Re: CM> ARPANET.

[~snip~]

The first long distance mail I sent using ARPANET was by logging in on
Multics from Utah back in the very early 1970's and then sending local mail
-- to my friend Tom VanVleck.  I don't remember when we started handling
network mail at Utah.  I'll have to poke around and see if I saved any of
that earliest e-mail.

Alternatively, Tom might remember, so I've cc:ed him.

 - Carl

+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
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______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 12:33:02 -0700
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From: Katie Hafner 
To: "Multiple recipients of list cpsr-history@cpsr.org" 
Subject: CM> About those emoticons
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Sender: Katie Hafner 
Subject: About those emoticons



While researching a book on the history of the Net (the book's emphasis
is on the ARPANET--it opens with the story of how ARPA was created), my
co-author and I did an archeological dig through thousands of messages on
one of the
earliest mailing lists, the MsgGroup list (dedicated to technical email
issues, but the discussion often digressed), and we were intrigued to see a
posting
from someone in 1979 suggesting the use of punctuation marks in e-mail to
express nuances/emotions etc. He had gotten the idea from a Reader's
Digest article, but we would havehad to search through hundreds of old
Reader's Digests to find what he was referring to, exactly. But it was
intriguing to see that. His suggestion, btw, was pretty summarily shot down.

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 12:37:04 -0700
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Subject: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.
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Sender: Jay Hosler 
Subject: Re: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.

> Never mind that SAGE constituted a classic example of the
> mis-application of computers.  If Soviet manned bombers had attacked
> it would have been discovered that SAGE was close to useless as an air
> defense system.  Fortunately that didn't happen, which allowed a myth
> to be perpetuated to the effect that it actually worked.
>
> Under the guidance of the Pentagon that whiz-bang technological marvel
> subsequently gave rise to the so-called command-control-communications
> industry, which sucked down billions of dollars from the U.S. defense
> budget and is still sucking, even though the Strategic Defense
> Initiative finally seems to be fading away.

More significantly, SAGE played an important part in the formation of the
software industry.  By
training thousands of programmers at a time when academic CS curricula
didn't yet exist, SDC [Systems Development Corporation] seeded
the programmer population everywhere.  Computer Sciences Corp and
Scientific Data Systems
(Palevsky's company that became Xerox Data Systems), are two examples of
software companies that I
know to have been heavy with SDC alumni, and there are many more.  Even
now, almost 37 years after
I went to work for SDC, I commonly encouter SDC people doing senior
technical work.

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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______________________________________________________________________
Date: Mon, 10 Jun 1996 12:40:13 -0700
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Subject: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE Movie.
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Sender: footage@well.com (Rick Prelinger)
Subject: Re: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.

IBM (in conjunction with Boeing and DOD) made a fabulous film sometime
around 1956 entitled _On Guard!,_ touting SAGE.  It's a great artifact of
the days when the military-industrial complex was riding high, and
testifies to the depth of the relationship between the development of
computer technology and the Cold War.

The film (with commentary) will be available on my forthcoming CD-ROM "Nuts
and Bolts," part of the "Our Secret Century" series, published by Voyager.



Rick Prelinger
Prelinger Archives
430 West 14th Street, Room 403 / New York, NY 10014 USA
212 633-2020 / Fax: 212 255-5139
footage@well.com

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
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Sender: Les Earnest 
Subject: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.

In response to my remarks about SAGE being a mis-application of
computers, Jay Hosler writes:
   More significantly, SAGE played an important part in the formation of the
   software industry.  By
   training thousands of programmers at a time when academic CS curricula
   didn't yet exist, SDC [Systems Development Corporation] seeded
   the programmer population everywhere.

There was an additional spin-off as well: IBM engineers learned how to
build large computers as a byproduct of their reworking of MIT's
design of SAGE.  This contributed substantially to the evolution of
their 700 series computers, which eventually superseded Univacs as
the standard large system of that era.

However, far more could have been accomplished with the investment
that went into SAGE if it had been spent directly on education, such
as the education of computer engineers and programmers.  Of course,
that wasn't a real option given that the entire undertaking was
fueled by anti-Communist paranoia rather than a desire to advance the
state of the art.

   Computer Sciences Corp and Scientific Data Systems
   (Palevsky's company that became Xerox Data Systems), are two examples of
   software companies that I
   know to have been heavy with SDC alumni, and there are many more.

Never mind that Xerox's purchase of SDS was one of their largest
blunders, which they had to write off a few years later when they
discovered their error.  Max Palevsky came out smelling like a rose --
he became the largest shareholder in Xerox by selling them his useless
company.

What Xerox apparently failed to understand was that the short term
success of SDS was based on the SDS 940 timesharing system that had
been developed by Dave Evan's group at U.C. Berkeley.  The SDS
programmers didn't really understand how the 940 software worked, so
they hired graduate students from Berkeley and Stanford part-time to
do installations.  Meanwhile they claimed to be developing a much
better timesharing system based on their forthcoming Sigma 7 computer,
which was years late and turned out to be rather flakey according to
reports at the time.

Let's see now, is there anyone I haven't smeared yet?

        -Les Earnest
______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
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Sender: Jay Hosler 
Subject: Re: CM> IBM/military links: SAGE.

> However, far more could have been accomplished with the investment
> that went into SAGE if it had been spent directly on education, such
> as the education of computer engineers and programmers.

Undoubtedly true, although speculative.  SDC's accomplishments are
fact: production of trained programmers in numbers that it took years
for the early CS curricula to match; significant advancement of the
state of practice of software tooling with JOVIAL, a very early (or
the first) working implementation of an ALGOL-like language, and many
other tools; use of simulated data for testing at all levels; many
other examples.

I never thought I would find myself defending the record of SDC.  But
I see no need to spend energy now lamenting the money spent on SAGE
so many decades ago.  Not all of it was wasted.

Jay


Jay Hosler
jhosler@cisco.com
408-527-3122

[Note from moderator: Anyone with recollections of working at SDC?  I'm
sure we'd like to hear about them.]

______________________________________________________________________
            Posted by David S. Bennahum (davidsol@panix.com)
                    Moderator: Community Memory
            http://www.reach.com/matrix/community-memory.html
         A CPSR Project -- http://www.cpsr.org -- cpsr@cpsr.org
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